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 <div class="section" id="form-helper">
<h1>Form Helper<a class="headerlink" href="#form-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
The Form Helper file contains functions that assist in working with
forms.
<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-this-helper" id="id1">Loading this Helper</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#escaping-field-values" id="id2">Escaping field values</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-functions" id="id3">Available Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="loading-this-helper">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Loading this Helper</a><a class="headerlink" href="#loading-this-helper" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
This helper is loaded using the following code:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$this-&gt;load-&gt;helper(&#39;form&#39;);
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="escaping-field-values">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Escaping field values</a><a class="headerlink" href="#escaping-field-values" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
You may need to use HTML and characters such as quotes within your form
elements. In order to do that safely, you&#8217;ll need to use
<a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">common function</a>
<tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">html_escape()</tt>.
Consider the following example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$string = &#39;Here is a string containing &quot;quoted&quot; text.&#39;;

&lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; name=&quot;myfield&quot; value=&quot;&lt;?php echo $string; ?&gt;&quot; /&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
Since the above string contains a set of quotes, it will cause the form
to break. The <a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html#html_escape" title="html_escape"><tt class="xref php php-func docutils literal">html_escape()</tt></a> function converts HTML special
characters so that it can be used safely:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>&lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; name=&quot;myfield&quot; value=&quot;&lt;?php echo html_escape($string); ?&gt;&quot; /&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
If you use any of the form helper functions listed on this page,
the form values will be automatically escaped, so there is no need
to call this function. Use it only if you are creating your own
form elements.
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="available-functions">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Available Functions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#available-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The following functions are available:
<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_open">
<tt class="descname">form_open</tt><big>(</big>[$action = ''[, $attributes = ''[, $hidden = array()]]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_open" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$action (string) &#8211; Form action/target URI string</li>
<li>$attributes (array) &#8211; HTML attributes</li>
<li>$hidden (array) &#8211; An array of hidden fields&#8217; definitions</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML form opening tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Creates an opening form tag with a base URL built from your config preferences.
It will optionally let you add form attributes and hidden input fields, and
will always add the <cite>accept-charset</cite> attribute based on the charset value in your
config file.
The main benefit of using this tag rather than hard coding your own HTML is that
it permits your site to be more portable in the event your URLs ever change.
Here&#8217;s a simple example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>echo form_open(&#39;email/send&#39;);
</pre></div>
</div>
The above example would create a form that points to your base URL plus the
&#8220;email/send&#8221; URI segments, like this:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>&lt;form method=&quot;post&quot; accept-charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; action=&quot;http://example.com/index.php/email/send&quot;&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
Adding Attributes
<blockquote>
<div>Attributes can be added by passing an associative array to the second
parameter, like this:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$attributes = array(&#39;class&#39; =&gt; &#39;email&#39;, &#39;id&#39; =&gt; &#39;myform&#39;);
echo form_open(&#39;email/send&#39;, $attributes);
</pre></div>
</div>
Alternatively, you can specify the second parameter as a string:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>echo form_open(&#39;email/send&#39;, &#39;class=&quot;email&quot; id=&quot;myform&quot;&#39;);
</pre></div>
</div>
The above examples would create a form similar to this:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>&lt;form method=&quot;post&quot; accept-charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; action=&quot;http://example.com/index.php/email/send&quot; class=&quot;email&quot; id=&quot;myform&quot;&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
Adding Hidden Input Fields
<blockquote>
<div>Hidden fields can be added by passing an associative array to the
third parameter, like this:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$hidden = array(&#39;username&#39; =&gt; &#39;Joe&#39;, &#39;member_id&#39; =&gt; &#39;234&#39;);
echo form_open(&#39;email/send&#39;, &#39;&#39;, $hidden);
</pre></div>
</div>
You can skip the second parameter by passing any falsy value to it.
The above example would create a form similar to this:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>&lt;form method=&quot;post&quot; accept-charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; action=&quot;http://example.com/index.php/email/send&quot;&gt;
 &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;username&quot; value=&quot;Joe&quot; /&gt;
 &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;member_id&quot; value=&quot;234&quot; /&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_open_multipart">
<tt class="descname">form_open_multipart</tt><big>(</big>[$action = ''[, $attributes = array()[, $hidden = array()]]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_open_multipart" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$action (string) &#8211; Form action/target URI string</li>
<li>$attributes (array) &#8211; HTML attributes</li>
<li>$hidden (array) &#8211; An array of hidden fields&#8217; definitions</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML multipart form opening tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
This function is absolutely identical to <a class="reference internal" href="#form_open" title="form_open"><tt class="xref php php-func docutils literal">form_open()</tt></a> above,
except that it adds a multipart attribute, which is necessary if you
would like to use the form to upload files with.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_hidden">
<tt class="descname">form_hidden</tt><big>(</big>$name[, $value = '']<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_hidden" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$name (string) &#8211; Field name</li>
<li>$value (string) &#8211; Field value</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML hidden input field tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Lets you generate hidden input fields. You can either submit a
name/value string to create one field:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>form_hidden(&#39;username&#39;, &#39;johndoe&#39;);
// Would produce: &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;username&quot; value=&quot;johndoe&quot; /&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
... or you can submit an associative array to create multiple fields:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$data = array(
 &#39;name&#39; =&gt; &#39;John Doe&#39;,
 &#39;email&#39; =&gt; &#39;john@example.com&#39;,
 &#39;url&#39; =&gt; &#39;http://example.com&#39;
);

echo form_hidden($data);

/*
 Would produce:
 &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;name&quot; value=&quot;John Doe&quot; /&gt;
 &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;email&quot; value=&quot;john@example.com&quot; /&gt;
 &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;url&quot; value=&quot;http://example.com&quot; /&gt;
*/
</pre></div>
</div>
You can also pass an associative array to the value field:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$data = array(
 &#39;name&#39; =&gt; &#39;John Doe&#39;,
 &#39;email&#39; =&gt; &#39;john@example.com&#39;,
 &#39;url&#39; =&gt; &#39;http://example.com&#39;
);

echo form_hidden(&#39;my_array&#39;, $data);

/*
 Would produce:

&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;my_array[name]&quot; value=&quot;John Doe&quot; /&gt;
 &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;my_array[email]&quot; value=&quot;john@example.com&quot; /&gt;
 &lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;my_array[url]&quot; value=&quot;http://example.com&quot; /&gt;
*/
</pre></div>
</div>
If you want to create hidden input fields with extra attributes:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$data = array(
 &#39;type&#39; =&gt; &#39;hidden&#39;,
 &#39;name&#39; =&gt; &#39;email&#39;,
 &#39;id&#39; =&gt; &#39;hiddenemail&#39;,
 &#39;value&#39; =&gt; &#39;john@example.com&#39;,
 &#39;class&#39; =&gt; &#39;hiddenemail&#39;
);

echo form_input($data);

/*
 Would produce:

&lt;input type=&quot;hidden&quot; name=&quot;email&quot; value=&quot;john@example.com&quot; id=&quot;hiddenemail&quot; class=&quot;hiddenemail&quot; /&gt;
*/
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_input">
<tt class="descname">form_input</tt><big>(</big>[$data = ''[, $value = ''[, $extra = '']]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_input" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$data (array) &#8211; Field attributes data</li>
<li>$value (string) &#8211; Field value</li>
<li>$extra (mixed) &#8211; Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML text input field tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Lets you generate a standard text input field. You can minimally pass
the field name and value in the first and second parameter:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>echo form_input(&#39;username&#39;, &#39;johndoe&#39;);
</pre></div>
</div>
Or you can pass an associative array containing any data you wish your
form to contain:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$data = array(
 &#39;name&#39; =&gt; &#39;username&#39;,
 &#39;id&#39; =&gt; &#39;username&#39;,
 &#39;value&#39; =&gt; &#39;johndoe&#39;,
 &#39;maxlength&#39; =&gt; &#39;100&#39;,
 &#39;size&#39; =&gt; &#39;50&#39;,
 &#39;style&#39; =&gt; &#39;width:50%&#39;
);

echo form_input($data);

/*
 Would produce:

&lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; name=&quot;username&quot; value=&quot;johndoe&quot; id=&quot;username&quot; maxlength=&quot;100&quot; size=&quot;50&quot; style=&quot;width:50%&quot; /&gt;
*/
</pre></div>
</div>
If you would like your form to contain some additional data, like
JavaScript, you can pass it as a string in the third parameter:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$js = &#39;onClick=&quot;some_function()&quot;&#39;;
echo form_input(&#39;username&#39;, &#39;johndoe&#39;, $js);
</pre></div>
</div>
Or you can pass it as an array:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$js = array(&#39;onClick&#39; =&gt; &#39;some_function();&#39;);
echo form_input(&#39;username&#39;, &#39;johndoe&#39;, $js);
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_password">
<tt class="descname">form_password</tt><big>(</big>[$data = ''[, $value = ''[, $extra = '']]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_password" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$data (array) &#8211; Field attributes data</li>
<li>$value (string) &#8211; Field value</li>
<li>$extra (mixed) &#8211; Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML password input field tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
This function is identical in all respects to the <a class="reference internal" href="#form_input" title="form_input"><tt class="xref php php-func docutils literal">form_input()</tt></a>
function above except that it uses the &#8220;password&#8221; input type.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_upload">
<tt class="descname">form_upload</tt><big>(</big>[$data = ''[, $value = ''[, $extra = '']]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_upload" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$data (array) &#8211; Field attributes data</li>
<li>$value (string) &#8211; Field value</li>
<li>$extra (mixed) &#8211; Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML file upload input field tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
This function is identical in all respects to the <a class="reference internal" href="#form_input" title="form_input"><tt class="xref php php-func docutils literal">form_input()</tt></a>
function above except that it uses the &#8220;file&#8221; input type, allowing it to
be used to upload files.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_textarea">
<tt class="descname">form_textarea</tt><big>(</big>[$data = ''[, $value = ''[, $extra = '']]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_textarea" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$data (array) &#8211; Field attributes data</li>
<li>$value (string) &#8211; Field value</li>
<li>$extra (mixed) &#8211; Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML textarea tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
This function is identical in all respects to the <a class="reference internal" href="#form_input" title="form_input"><tt class="xref php php-func docutils literal">form_input()</tt></a>
function above except that it generates a &#8220;textarea&#8221; type.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
Instead of the maxlength and size attributes in the above example,
you will instead specify rows and cols.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_dropdown">
<tt class="descname">form_dropdown</tt><big>(</big>[$name = ''[, $options = array()[, $selected = array()[, $extra = '']]]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_dropdown" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$name (string) &#8211; Field name</li>
<li>$options (array) &#8211; An associative array of options to be listed</li>
<li>$selected (array) &#8211; List of fields to mark with the selected attribute</li>
<li>$extra (mixed) &#8211; Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML dropdown select field tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Lets you create a standard drop-down field. The first parameter will
contain the name of the field, the second parameter will contain an
associative array of options, and the third parameter will contain the
value you wish to be selected. You can also pass an array of multiple
items through the third parameter, and CodeIgniter will create a
multiple select for you.
Example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$options = array(
 &#39;small&#39; =&gt; &#39;Small Shirt&#39;,
 &#39;med&#39; =&gt; &#39;Medium Shirt&#39;,
 &#39;large&#39; =&gt; &#39;Large Shirt&#39;,
 &#39;xlarge&#39; =&gt; &#39;Extra Large Shirt&#39;,
);

$shirts_on_sale = array(&#39;small&#39;, &#39;large&#39;);
echo form_dropdown(&#39;shirts&#39;, $options, &#39;large&#39;);

/*
 Would produce:

&lt;select name=&quot;shirts&quot;&gt;
 &lt;option value=&quot;small&quot;&gt;Small Shirt&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;option value=&quot;med&quot;&gt;Medium Shirt&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;option value=&quot;large&quot; selected=&quot;selected&quot;&gt;Large Shirt&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;option value=&quot;xlarge&quot;&gt;Extra Large Shirt&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;/select&gt;
*/

echo form_dropdown(&#39;shirts&#39;, $options, $shirts_on_sale);

/*
 Would produce:

&lt;select name=&quot;shirts&quot; multiple=&quot;multiple&quot;&gt;
 &lt;option value=&quot;small&quot; selected=&quot;selected&quot;&gt;Small Shirt&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;option value=&quot;med&quot;&gt;Medium Shirt&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;option value=&quot;large&quot; selected=&quot;selected&quot;&gt;Large Shirt&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;option value=&quot;xlarge&quot;&gt;Extra Large Shirt&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;/select&gt;
*/
</pre></div>
</div>
If you would like the opening &lt;select&gt; to contain additional data, like
an id attribute or JavaScript, you can pass it as a string in the fourth
parameter:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$js = &#39;id=&quot;shirts&quot; onChange=&quot;some_function();&quot;&#39;;
echo form_dropdown(&#39;shirts&#39;, $options, &#39;large&#39;, $js);
</pre></div>
</div>
Or you can pass it as an array:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$js = array(
 &#39;id&#39; =&gt; &#39;shirts&#39;,
 &#39;onChange&#39; =&gt; &#39;some_function();&#39;
);
echo form_dropdown(&#39;shirts&#39;, $options, &#39;large&#39;, $js);
</pre></div>
</div>
If the array passed as <tt class="docutils literal">$options</tt> is a multidimensional array, then
<tt class="docutils literal">form_dropdown()</tt> will produce an &lt;optgroup&gt; with the array key as the
label.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_multiselect">
<tt class="descname">form_multiselect</tt><big>(</big>[$name = ''[, $options = array()[, $selected = array()[, $extra = '']]]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_multiselect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$name (string) &#8211; Field name</li>
<li>$options (array) &#8211; An associative array of options to be listed</li>
<li>$selected (array) &#8211; List of fields to mark with the selected attribute</li>
<li>$extra (mixed) &#8211; Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML dropdown multiselect field tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Lets you create a standard multiselect field. The first parameter will
contain the name of the field, the second parameter will contain an
associative array of options, and the third parameter will contain the
value or values you wish to be selected.
The parameter usage is identical to using <a class="reference internal" href="#form_dropdown" title="form_dropdown"><tt class="xref php php-func docutils literal">form_dropdown()</tt></a> above,
except of course that the name of the field will need to use POST array
syntax, e.g. foo[].
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_fieldset">
<tt class="descname">form_fieldset</tt><big>(</big>[$legend_text = ''[, $attributes = array()]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_fieldset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$legend_text (string) &#8211; Text to put in the &lt;legend&gt; tag</li>
<li>$attributes (array) &#8211; Attributes to be set on the &lt;fieldset&gt; tag</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML fieldset opening tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Lets you generate fieldset/legend fields.
Example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>echo form_fieldset(&#39;Address Information&#39;);
echo &quot;&lt;p&gt;fieldset content here&lt;/p&gt;\n&quot;;
echo form_fieldset_close();

/*
 Produces:

&lt;fieldset&gt;
 &lt;legend&gt;Address Information&lt;/legend&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;form content here&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/fieldset&gt;
*/
</pre></div>
</div>
Similar to other functions, you can submit an associative array in the
second parameter if you prefer to set additional attributes:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$attributes = array(
 &#39;id&#39; =&gt; &#39;address_info&#39;,
 &#39;class&#39; =&gt; &#39;address_info&#39;
);

echo form_fieldset(&#39;Address Information&#39;, $attributes);
echo &quot;&lt;p&gt;fieldset content here&lt;/p&gt;\n&quot;;
echo form_fieldset_close();

/*
 Produces:

&lt;fieldset id=&quot;address_info&quot; class=&quot;address_info&quot;&gt;
 &lt;legend&gt;Address Information&lt;/legend&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;form content here&lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/fieldset&gt;
*/
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_fieldset_close">
<tt class="descname">form_fieldset_close</tt><big>(</big>[$extra = '']<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_fieldset_close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$extra (string) &#8211; Anything to append after the closing tag, as is</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML fieldset closing tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Produces a closing &lt;/fieldset&gt; tag. The only advantage to using this
function is it permits you to pass data to it which will be added below
the tag. For example
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$string = &#39;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#39;;
echo form_fieldset_close($string);
// Would produce: &lt;/fieldset&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_checkbox">
<tt class="descname">form_checkbox</tt><big>(</big>[$data = ''[, $value = ''[, $checked = FALSE[, $extra = '']]]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_checkbox" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$data (array) &#8211; Field attributes data</li>
<li>$value (string) &#8211; Field value</li>
<li>$checked (bool) &#8211; Whether to mark the checkbox as being checked</li>
<li>$extra (mixed) &#8211; Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML checkbox input tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Lets you generate a checkbox field. Simple example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>echo form_checkbox(&#39;newsletter&#39;, &#39;accept&#39;, TRUE);
// Would produce: &lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; name=&quot;newsletter&quot; value=&quot;accept&quot; checked=&quot;checked&quot; /&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
The third parameter contains a boolean TRUE/FALSE to determine whether
the box should be checked or not.
Similar to the other form functions in this helper, you can also pass an
array of attributes to the function:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$data = array(
 &#39;name&#39; =&gt; &#39;newsletter&#39;,
 &#39;id&#39; =&gt; &#39;newsletter&#39;,
 &#39;value&#39; =&gt; &#39;accept&#39;,
 &#39;checked&#39; =&gt; TRUE,
 &#39;style&#39; =&gt; &#39;margin:10px&#39;
);

echo form_checkbox($data);
// Would produce: &lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; name=&quot;newsletter&quot; id=&quot;newsletter&quot; value=&quot;accept&quot; checked=&quot;checked&quot; style=&quot;margin:10px&quot; /&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
Also as with other functions, if you would like the tag to contain
additional data like JavaScript, you can pass it as a string in the
fourth parameter:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$js = &#39;onClick=&quot;some_function()&quot;&#39;;
echo form_checkbox(&#39;newsletter&#39;, &#39;accept&#39;, TRUE, $js);
</pre></div>
</div>
Or you can pass it as an array:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$js = array(&#39;onClick&#39; =&gt; &#39;some_function();&#39;);
echo form_checkbox(&#39;newsletter&#39;, &#39;accept&#39;, TRUE, $js);
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_radio">
<tt class="descname">form_radio</tt><big>(</big>[$data = ''[, $value = ''[, $checked = FALSE[, $extra = '']]]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_radio" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$data (array) &#8211; Field attributes data</li>
<li>$value (string) &#8211; Field value</li>
<li>$checked (bool) &#8211; Whether to mark the radio button as being checked</li>
<li>$extra (mixed) &#8211; Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML radio input tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
This function is identical in all respects to the <a class="reference internal" href="#form_checkbox" title="form_checkbox"><tt class="xref php php-func docutils literal">form_checkbox()</tt></a>
function above except that it uses the &#8220;radio&#8221; input type.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_label">
<tt class="descname">form_label</tt><big>(</big>[$label_text = ''[, $id = ''[, $attributes = array()]]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_label" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$label_text (string) &#8211; Text to put in the &lt;label&gt; tag</li>
<li>$id (string) &#8211; ID of the form element that we&#8217;re making a label for</li>
<li>$attributes (mixed) &#8211; HTML attributes</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML field label tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Lets you generate a &lt;label&gt;. Simple example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>echo form_label(&#39;What is your Name&#39;, &#39;username&#39;);
// Would produce: &lt;label for=&quot;username&quot;&gt;What is your Name&lt;/label&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
Similar to other functions, you can submit an associative array in the
third parameter if you prefer to set additional attributes.
Example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$attributes = array(
 &#39;class&#39; =&gt; &#39;mycustomclass&#39;,
 &#39;style&#39; =&gt; &#39;color: #000;&#39;
);

echo form_label(&#39;What is your Name&#39;, &#39;username&#39;, $attributes);
// Would produce: &lt;label for=&quot;username&quot; class=&quot;mycustomclass&quot; style=&quot;color: #000;&quot;&gt;What is your Name&lt;/label&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_submit">
<tt class="descname">form_submit</tt><big>(</big>[$data = ''[, $value = ''[, $extra = '']]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_submit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$data (string) &#8211; Button name</li>
<li>$value (string) &#8211; Button value</li>
<li>$extra (mixed) &#8211; Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML input submit tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Lets you generate a standard submit button. Simple example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>echo form_submit(&#39;mysubmit&#39;, &#39;Submit Post!&#39;);
// Would produce: &lt;input type=&quot;submit&quot; name=&quot;mysubmit&quot; value=&quot;Submit Post!&quot; /&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
Similar to other functions, you can submit an associative array in the
first parameter if you prefer to set your own attributes. The third
parameter lets you add extra data to your form, like JavaScript.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_reset">
<tt class="descname">form_reset</tt><big>(</big>[$data = ''[, $value = ''[, $extra = '']]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_reset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$data (string) &#8211; Button name</li>
<li>$value (string) &#8211; Button value</li>
<li>$extra (mixed) &#8211; Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML input reset button tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Lets you generate a standard reset button. Use is identical to
<tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">form_submit()</tt>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_button">
<tt class="descname">form_button</tt><big>(</big>[$data = ''[, $content = ''[, $extra = '']]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_button" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$data (string) &#8211; Button name</li>
<li>$content (string) &#8211; Button label</li>
<li>$extra (mixed) &#8211; Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML button tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Lets you generate a standard button element. You can minimally pass the
button name and content in the first and second parameter:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>echo form_button(&#39;name&#39;,&#39;content&#39;);
// Would produce: &lt;button name=&quot;name&quot; type=&quot;button&quot;&gt;Content&lt;/button&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
Or you can pass an associative array containing any data you wish your
form to contain:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$data = array(
 &#39;name&#39; =&gt; &#39;button&#39;,
 &#39;id&#39; =&gt; &#39;button&#39;,
 &#39;value&#39; =&gt; &#39;true&#39;,
 &#39;type&#39; =&gt; &#39;reset&#39;,
 &#39;content&#39; =&gt; &#39;Reset&#39;
);

echo form_button($data);
// Would produce: &lt;button name=&quot;button&quot; id=&quot;button&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; type=&quot;reset&quot;&gt;Reset&lt;/button&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
If you would like your form to contain some additional data, like
JavaScript, you can pass it as a string in the third parameter:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$js = &#39;onClick=&quot;some_function()&quot;&#39;;
echo form_button(&#39;mybutton&#39;, &#39;Click Me&#39;, $js);
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_close">
<tt class="descname">form_close</tt><big>(</big>[$extra = '']<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$extra (string) &#8211; Anything to append after the closing tag, as is</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">An HTML form closing tag
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Produces a closing &lt;/form&gt; tag. The only advantage to using this
function is it permits you to pass data to it which will be added below
the tag. For example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>$string = &#39;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#39;;
echo form_close($string);
// Would produce: &lt;/form&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="set_value">
<tt class="descname">set_value</tt><big>(</big>$field[, $default = ''[, $html_escape = TRUE]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#set_value" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$field (string) &#8211; Field name</li>
<li>$default (string) &#8211; Default value</li>
<li>$html_escape (bool) &#8211; Whether to turn off HTML escaping of the value</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Field value
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Permits you to set the value of an input form or textarea. You must
supply the field name via the first parameter of the function. The
second (optional) parameter allows you to set a default value for the
form. The third (optional) parameter allows you to turn off HTML escaping
of the value, in case you need to use this function in combination with
i.e. <a class="reference internal" href="#form_input" title="form_input"><tt class="xref php php-func docutils literal">form_input()</tt></a> and avoid double-escaping.
Example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>&lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; name=&quot;quantity&quot; value=&quot;&lt;?php echo set_value(&#39;quantity&#39;, &#39;0&#39;); ?&gt;&quot; size=&quot;50&quot; /&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
The above form will show &#8220;0&#8221; when loaded for the first time.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
If you&#8217;ve loaded the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation Library</a> and
have set a validation rule for the field name in use with this helper, then it will
forward the call to the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation Library</a>&#8216;s
own <tt class="docutils literal">set_value()</tt> method. Otherwise, this function looks in <tt class="docutils literal">$_POST</tt> for the
field value.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="set_select">
<tt class="descname">set_select</tt><big>(</big>$field[, $value = ''[, $default = FALSE]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#set_select" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$field (string) &#8211; Field name</li>
<li>$value (string) &#8211; Value to check for</li>
<li>$default (string) &#8211; Whether the value is also a default one</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">&#8216;selected&#8217; attribute or an empty string
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
If you use a &lt;select&gt; menu, this function permits you to display the
menu item that was selected.
The first parameter must contain the name of the select menu, the second
parameter must contain the value of each item, and the third (optional)
parameter lets you set an item as the default (use boolean TRUE/FALSE).
Example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>&lt;select name=&quot;myselect&quot;&gt;
 &lt;option value=&quot;one&quot; &lt;?php echo set_select(&#39;myselect&#39;, &#39;one&#39;, TRUE); ?&gt; &gt;One&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;option value=&quot;two&quot; &lt;?php echo set_select(&#39;myselect&#39;, &#39;two&#39;); ?&gt; &gt;Two&lt;/option&gt;
 &lt;option value=&quot;three&quot; &lt;?php echo set_select(&#39;myselect&#39;, &#39;three&#39;); ?&gt; &gt;Three&lt;/option&gt;
&lt;/select&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="set_checkbox">
<tt class="descname">set_checkbox</tt><big>(</big>$field[, $value = ''[, $default = FALSE]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#set_checkbox" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$field (string) &#8211; Field name</li>
<li>$value (string) &#8211; Value to check for</li>
<li>$default (string) &#8211; Whether the value is also a default one</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">&#8216;checked&#8217; attribute or an empty string
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Permits you to display a checkbox in the state it was submitted.
The first parameter must contain the name of the checkbox, the second
parameter must contain its value, and the third (optional) parameter
lets you set an item as the default (use boolean TRUE/FALSE).
Example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; name=&quot;mycheck&quot; value=&quot;1&quot; &lt;?php echo set_checkbox(&#39;mycheck&#39;, &#39;1&#39;); ?&gt; /&gt;
&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; name=&quot;mycheck&quot; value=&quot;2&quot; &lt;?php echo set_checkbox(&#39;mycheck&#39;, &#39;2&#39;); ?&gt; /&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="set_radio">
<tt class="descname">set_radio</tt><big>(</big>$field[, $value = ''[, $default = FALSE]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#set_radio" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$field (string) &#8211; Field name</li>
<li>$value (string) &#8211; Value to check for</li>
<li>$default (string) &#8211; Whether the value is also a default one</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">&#8216;checked&#8217; attribute or an empty string
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Permits you to display radio buttons in the state they were submitted.
This function is identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#set_checkbox" title="set_checkbox"><tt class="xref php php-func docutils literal">set_checkbox()</tt></a> function above.
Example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; name=&quot;myradio&quot; value=&quot;1&quot; &lt;?php echo set_radio(&#39;myradio&#39;, &#39;1&#39;, TRUE); ?&gt; /&gt;
&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; name=&quot;myradio&quot; value=&quot;2&quot; &lt;?php echo set_radio(&#39;myradio&#39;, &#39;2&#39;); ?&gt; /&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
If you are using the Form Validation class, you must always specify
a rule for your field, even if empty, in order for the <tt class="docutils literal">set_*()</tt>
functions to work. This is because if a Form Validation object is
defined, the control for <tt class="docutils literal">set_*()</tt> is handed over to a method of the
class instead of the generic helper function.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_error">
<tt class="descname">form_error</tt><big>(</big>[$field = ''[, $prefix = ''[, $suffix = '']]]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$field (string) &#8211; Field name</li>
<li>$prefix (string) &#8211; Error opening tag</li>
<li>$suffix (string) &#8211; Error closing tag</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">HTML-formatted form validation error message(s)
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Returns a validation error message from the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation Library</a>, associated with the specified field name.
You can optionally specify opening and closing tag(s) to put around the error
message.
Example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>// Assuming that the &#39;username&#39; field value was incorrect:
echo form_error(&#39;myfield&#39;, &#39;&lt;div class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;&#39;, &#39;&lt;/div&gt;&#39;);

// Would produce: &lt;div class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;Error message associated with the &quot;username&quot; field.&lt;/div&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="validation_errors">
<tt class="descname">validation_errors</tt><big>(</big>[$prefix = ''[, $suffix = '']]<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#validation_errors" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$prefix (string) &#8211; Error opening tag</li>
<li>$suffix (string) &#8211; Error closing tag</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">HTML-formatted form validation error message(s)
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Similarly to the <a class="reference internal" href="#form_error" title="form_error"><tt class="xref php php-func docutils literal">form_error()</tt></a> function, returns all validation
error messages produced by the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation Library</a>, with optional opening and closing tags
around each of the messages.
Example:
<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre>echo validation_errors(&#39;&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;&#39;, &#39;&lt;/span&gt;&#39;);

/*
 Would produce, e.g.:

&lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;The &quot;email&quot; field doesn&#39;t contain a valid e-mail address!&lt;/span&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;error&quot;&gt;The &quot;password&quot; field doesn&#39;t match the &quot;repeat_password&quot; field!&lt;/span&gt;

*/
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="form_prep">
<tt class="descname">form_prep</tt><big>(</big>$str<big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#form_prep" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li>$str (string) &#8211; Value to escape</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">Escaped value
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">string
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Allows you to safely use HTML and characters such as quotes within form
elements without breaking out of the form.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
If you use any of the form helper functions listed in this page the form
values will be prepped automatically, so there is no need to call this
function. Use it only if you are creating your own form elements.
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
This function is DEPRECATED and is just an alias for
<a class="reference internal" href="../general/common_functions.html">common function</a>
<tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal">html_escape()</tt> - please use that instead.
</div>
</dd></dl>

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