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Helper</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap"> <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation"> <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i> <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a> </nav> <div class="wy-nav-content"> <div class="rst-content"> <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation"> <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs"> <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> »</li> <li><a href="index.html">Libraries</a> »</li> <li>Encryption Library</li> <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside"> </li> <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe"> <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" /> </div> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div role="main" class="document"> <div class="section" id="encryption-library"> <h1>Encryption Library<a class="headerlink" href="#encryption-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <div class="admonition important"> <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p> <p class="last">DO NOT use this or any other <em>encryption</em> library for user password storage! Passwords must be <em>hashed</em> instead, and you should do that via PHP’s own <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password">Password Hashing extension</a>.</p> </div> <p>The Encryption Library provides two-way data encryption. To do so in a cryptographically secure way, it utilizes PHP extensions that are unfortunately not always available on all systems. You must meet one of the following dependencies in order to use this library:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/openssl">OpenSSL</a></li> <li><a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/mcrypt">MCrypt</a> (and <cite>MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM</cite> availability)</li> </ul> <p>If neither of the above dependencies is met, we simply cannot offer you a good enough implementation to meet the high standards required for proper cryptography.</p> <div class="contents local topic" id="contents"> <ul class="simple"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-encryption-library" id="id2">Using the Encryption Library</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#initializing-the-class" id="id3">Initializing the Class</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#default-behavior" id="id4">Default behavior</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-your-encryption-key" id="id5">Setting your encryption_key</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#supported-encryption-ciphers-and-modes" id="id6">Supported encryption ciphers and modes</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#portable-ciphers" id="id7">Portable ciphers</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#driver-specific-ciphers" id="id8">Driver-specific ciphers</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#encryption-modes" id="id9">Encryption modes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#message-length" id="id10">Message Length</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuring-the-library" id="id11">Configuring the library</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#encrypting-and-decrypting-data" id="id12">Encrypting and decrypting data</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-it-works" id="id13">How it works</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-custom-parameters" id="id14">Using custom parameters</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#supported-hmac-authentication-algorithms" id="id15">Supported HMAC authentication algorithms</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-reference" id="id16">Class Reference</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="custom-index container"></div><div class="section" id="using-the-encryption-library"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Using the Encryption Library</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-encryption-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="section" id="initializing-the-class"> <h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Initializing the Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#initializing-the-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the Encryption library is initialized in your controller using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this->load->library()</span></tt> method:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">library</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'encryption'</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Once loaded, the Encryption library object will be available using:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="default-behavior"> <h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Default behavior</a><a class="headerlink" href="#default-behavior" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>By default, the Encryption Library will use the AES-128 cipher in CBC mode, using your configured <em>encryption_key</em> and SHA512 HMAC authentication.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">AES-128 is chosen both because it is proven to be strong and because of its wide availability across different cryptographic software and programming languages’ APIs.</p> </div> <p>However, the <em>encryption_key</em> is not used as is.</p> <p>If you are somewhat familiar with cryptography, you should already know that a HMAC also requires a secret key and using the same key for both encryption and authentication is a bad practice.</p> <p>Because of that, two separate keys are derived from your already configured <em>encryption_key</em>: one for encryption and one for authentication. This is done via a technique called <a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HKDF">HMAC-based Key Derivation Function</a> (HKDF).</p> </div> <div class="section" id="setting-your-encryption-key"> <h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Setting your encryption_key</a><a class="headerlink" href="#setting-your-encryption-key" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>An <em>encryption key</em> is a piece of information that controls the cryptographic process and permits a plain-text string to be encrypted, and afterwards - decrypted. It is the secret “ingredient” in the whole process that allows you to be the only one who is able to decrypt data that you’ve decided to hide from the eyes of the public. After one key is used to encrypt data, that same key provides the <strong>only</strong> means to decrypt it, so not only must you chose one carefully, but you must not lose it or you will also lose access to the data.</p> <p>It must be noted that to ensure maximum security, such key <em>should</em> not only be as strong as possible, but also often changed. Such behavior however is rarely practical or possible to implement, and that is why CodeIgniter gives you the ability to configure a single key that is to be used (almost) every time.</p> <p>It goes without saying that you should guard your key carefully. Should someone gain access to your key, the data will be easily decrypted. If your server is not totally under your control it’s impossible to ensure key security so you may want to think carefully before using it for anything that requires high security, like storing credit card numbers.</p> <p>Your encryption key <strong>must</strong> be as long as the encyption algorithm in use allows. For AES-128, that’s 128 bits or 16 bytes (charcters) long. You will find a table below that shows the supported key lengths of different ciphers.</p> <p>The key should be as random as possible and it <strong>must not</strong> be a regular text string, nor the output of a hashing function, etc. In order to create a proper key, you must use the Encryption library’s <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_key()</span></tt> method</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// $key will be assigned a 16-byte (128-bit) random key</span> <span class="nv">$key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">create_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The key can be either stored in your <em>application/config/config.php</em>, or you can design your own storage mechanism and pass the key dynamically when encrypting/decrypting.</p> <p>To save your key to your <em>application/config/config.php</em>, open the file and set:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'encryption_key'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'YOUR KEY'</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>You’ll notice that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_key()</span></tt> method outputs binary data, which is hard to deal with (i.e. a copy-paste may damage it), so you may use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bin2hex()</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hex2bin()</span></tt> or Base64-encoding to work with the key in a more friendly manner. For example:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Get a hex-encoded representation of the key:</span> <span class="nv">$key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">bin2hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">create_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">));</span> <span class="c1">// Put the same value in your config with hex2bin(),</span> <span class="c1">// so that it is still passed as binary to the library:</span> <span class="nv">$config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'encryption_key'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">hex2bin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">your</span> <span class="nx">hex</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">encoded</span> <span class="nb">key</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="supported-encryption-ciphers-and-modes"> <span id="ciphers-and-modes"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Supported encryption ciphers and modes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#supported-encryption-ciphers-and-modes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">The terms ‘cipher’ and ‘encryption algorithm’ are interchangeable.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="portable-ciphers"> <h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Portable ciphers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#portable-ciphers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> <p>Because MCrypt and OpenSSL (also called drivers throughout this document) each support different sets of encryption algorithms and often implement them in different ways, our Encryption library is designed to use them in a portable fashion, or in other words - it enables you to use them interchangeably, at least for the ciphers supported by both drivers.</p> <p>It is also implemented in a way that aims to match the standard implementations in other programming languages and libraries.</p> <p>Here’s a list of the so called “portable” ciphers, where “CodeIgniter name” is the string value that you’d have to pass to the Encryption library to use that cipher:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="24%" /> <col width="18%" /> <col width="28%" /> <col width="31%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Cipher name</th> <th class="head">CodeIgniter name</th> <th class="head">Key lengths (bits / bytes)</th> <th class="head">Supported modes</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>AES-128 / Rijndael-128</td> <td>aes-128</td> <td>128 / 16</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>AES-192</td> <td>aes-192</td> <td>192 / 24</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>AES-256</td> <td>aes-256</td> <td>256 / 32</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>DES</td> <td>des</td> <td>56 / 7</td> <td>CBC, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>TripleDES</td> <td>tripledes</td> <td>56 / 7, 112 / 14, 168 / 21</td> <td>CBC, CFB, CFB8, OFB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Blowfish</td> <td>blowfish</td> <td>128-448 / 16-56</td> <td>CBC, CFB, OFB, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>CAST5 / CAST-128</td> <td>cast5</td> <td>88-128 / 11-16</td> <td>CBC, CFB, OFB, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>RC4 / ARCFour</td> <td>rc4</td> <td>40-2048 / 5-256</td> <td>Stream</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="admonition important"> <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p> <p class="last">Because of how MCrypt works, if you fail to provide a key with the appropriate length, you might end up using a different algorithm than the one configured, so be really careful with that!</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">In case it isn’t clear from the above table, Blowfish, CAST5 and RC4 support variable length keys. That is, any number in the shown ranges is valid, although in bit terms that only happens in 8-bit increments.</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">Even though CAST5 supports key lengths lower than 128 bits (16 bytes), in fact they will just be zero-padded to the maximum length, as specified in <a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2144.txt">RFC 2144</a>.</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">Blowfish supports key lengths as small as 32 bits (4 bytes), but our tests have shown that only lengths of 128 bits (16 bytes) or higher are properly supported by both MCrypt and OpenSSL. It is also a bad practice to use such low-length keys anyway.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="driver-specific-ciphers"> <h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Driver-specific ciphers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#driver-specific-ciphers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> <p>As noted above, MCrypt and OpenSSL support different sets of encryption ciphers. For portability reasons and because we haven’t tested them properly, we do not advise you to use the ones that are driver-specific, but regardless, here’s a list of most of them:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="15%" /> <col width="10%" /> <col width="32%" /> <col width="44%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Cipher name</th> <th class="head">Driver</th> <th class="head">Key lengths (bits / bytes)</th> <th class="head">Supported modes</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>AES-128</td> <td>OpenSSL</td> <td>128 / 16</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB, XTS</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>AES-192</td> <td>OpenSSL</td> <td>192 / 24</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB, XTS</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>AES-256</td> <td>OpenSSL</td> <td>256 / 32</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB, XTS</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Rijndael-128</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Rijndael-192</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Rijndael-256</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>GOST</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>256 / 32</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Twofish</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>CAST-128</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>40-128 / 5-16</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>CAST-256</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Loki97</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>SaferPlus</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Serpent</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>128 / 16, 192 / 24, 256 / 32</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>XTEA</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>128 / 16</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>RC2</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>8-1024 / 1-128</td> <td>CBC, CTR, CFB, CFB8, OFB, OFB8, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>RC2</td> <td>OpenSSL</td> <td>8-1024 / 1-128</td> <td>CBC, CFB, OFB, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Camellia-128</td> <td>OpenSSL</td> <td>128 / 16</td> <td>CBC, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Camellia-192</td> <td>OpenSSL</td> <td>192 / 24</td> <td>CBC, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Camellia-256</td> <td>OpenSSL</td> <td>256 / 32</td> <td>CBC, CFB, CFB8, OFB, ECB</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>Seed</td> <td>OpenSSL</td> <td>128 / 16</td> <td>CBC, CFB, OFB, ECB</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">If you wish to use one of those ciphers, you’d have to pass its name in lower-case to the Encryption library.</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">You’ve probably noticed that all AES cipers (and Rijndael-128) are also listed in the portable ciphers list. This is because drivers support different modes for these ciphers. Also, it is important to note that AES-128 and Rijndael-128 are actually the same cipher, but <strong>only</strong> when used with a 128-bit key.</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">CAST-128 / CAST-5 is also listed in both the portable and driver-specific ciphers list. This is because OpenSSL’s implementation doesn’t appear to be working correctly with key sizes of 80 bits and lower.</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">RC2 is listed as supported by both MCrypt and OpenSSL. However, both drivers implement them differently and they are not portable. It is probably worth noting that we only found one obscure source confirming that it is MCrypt that is not properly implementing it.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="encryption-modes"> <span id="id1"></span><h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Encryption modes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#encryption-modes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> <p>Different modes of encryption have different characteristics and serve for different purposes. Some are stronger than others, some are faster and some offer extra features. We are not going in depth into that here, we’ll leave that to the cryptography experts. The table below is to provide brief informational reference to our more experienced users. If you are a beginner, just stick to the CBC mode - it is widely accepted as strong and secure for general purposes.</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="6%" /> <col width="9%" /> <col width="9%" /> <col width="76%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Mode name</th> <th class="head">CodeIgniter name</th> <th class="head">Driver support</th> <th class="head">Additional info</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>CBC</td> <td>cbc</td> <td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td> <td>A safe default choice</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>CTR</td> <td>ctr</td> <td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td> <td>Considered as theoretically better than CBC, but not as widely available</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>CFB</td> <td>cfb</td> <td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>CFB8</td> <td>cfb8</td> <td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td> <td>Same as CFB, but operates in 8-bit mode (not recommended).</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>OFB</td> <td>ofb</td> <td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>OFB8</td> <td>ofb8</td> <td>MCrypt</td> <td>Same as OFB, but operates in 8-bit mode (not recommended).</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>ECB</td> <td>ecb</td> <td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td> <td>Ignores IV (not recommended).</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>XTS</td> <td>xts</td> <td>OpenSSL</td> <td>Usually used for encrypting random access data such as RAM or hard-disk storage.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>Stream</td> <td>stream</td> <td>MCrypt, OpenSSL</td> <td>This is not actually a mode, it just says that a stream cipher is being used. Required because of the general cipher+mode initialization process.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="message-length"> <h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Message Length</a><a class="headerlink" href="#message-length" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>It’s probably important for you to know that an encrypted string is usually longer than the original, plain-text string (depending on the cipher).</p> <p>This is influenced by the cipher algorithm itself, the IV prepended to the cipher-text and the HMAC authentication message that is also prepended. Furthermore, the encrypted message is also Base64-encoded so that it is safe for storage and transmission, regardless of a possible character set in use.</p> <p>Keep this information in mind when selecting your data storage mechanism. Cookies, for example, can only hold 4K of information.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="configuring-the-library"> <span id="configuration"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Configuring the library</a><a class="headerlink" href="#configuring-the-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>For usability, performance, but also historical reasons tied to our old <a class="reference internal" href="encrypt.html"><em>Encrypt Class</em></a>, the Encryption library is designed to use repeatedly the same driver, encryption cipher, mode and key.</p> <p>As noted in the “Default behavior” section above, this means using an auto-detected driver (OpenSSL has a higher priority), the AES-128 ciper in CBC mode, and your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$config['encryption_key']</span></tt> value.</p> <p>If you wish to change that however, you need to use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">initialize()</span></tt> method. It accepts an associative array of parameters, all of which are optional:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="15%" /> <col width="85%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Option</th> <th class="head">Possible values</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>driver</td> <td>‘mcrypt’, ‘openssl’</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>cipher</td> <td>Cipher name (see <a class="reference internal" href="#ciphers-and-modes"><em>Supported encryption ciphers and modes</em></a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>mode</td> <td>Encryption mode (see <a class="reference internal" href="#encryption-modes"><em>Encryption modes</em></a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>key</td> <td>Encryption key</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>For example, if you were to change the encryption algorithm and mode to AES-256 in CTR mode, this is what you should do:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="s1">'cipher'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="s1">'aes-256'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'mode'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="s1">'ctr'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'key'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="s1">'<a 32-character random string>'</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Note that we only mentioned that you want to change the ciper and mode, but we also included a key in the example. As previously noted, it is important that you choose a key with a proper size for the used algorithm.</p> <p>There’s also the ability to change the driver, if for some reason you have both, but want to use MCrypt instead of OpenSSL:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Switch to the MCrypt driver</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'driver'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="s1">'mcrypt'</span><span class="p">));</span> <span class="c1">// Switch back to the OpenSSL driver</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'driver'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="s1">'openssl'</span><span class="p">));</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="encrypting-and-decrypting-data"> <h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Encrypting and decrypting data</a><a class="headerlink" href="#encrypting-and-decrypting-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Encrypting and decrypting data with the already configured library settings is simple. As simple as just passing the string to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encrypt()</span></tt> and/or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decrypt()</span></tt> methods:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$plain_text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'This is a plain-text message!'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$ciphertext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$plain_text</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Outputs: This is a plain-text message!</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">decrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$ciphertext</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>And that’s it! The Encryption library will do everything necessary for the whole process to be cryptographically secure out-of-the-box. You don’t need to worry about it.</p> <div class="admonition important"> <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p> <p class="last">Both methods will return FALSE in case of an error. While for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encrypt()</span></tt> this can only mean incorrect configuration, you should always check the return value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decrypt()</span></tt> in production code.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="how-it-works"> <h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">How it works</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-it-works" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> <p>If you must know how the process works, here’s what happens under the hood:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this->encryption->encrypt($plain_text)</span></tt><ol class="arabic"> <li>Derive an encryption key and a HMAC key from your configured <em>encryption_key</em> via HKDF, using the SHA-512 digest algorithm.</li> <li>Generate a random initialization vector (IV).</li> <li>Encrypt the data via AES-128 in CBC mode (or another previously configured cipher and mode), using the above-mentioned derived encryption key and IV.</li> <li>Prepend said IV to the resulting cipher-text.</li> <li>Base64-encode the resulting string, so that it can be safely stored or transferred without worrying about character sets.</li> <li>Create a SHA-512 HMAC authentication message using the derived HMAC key to ensure data integrity and prepend it to the Base64 string.</li> </ol> </li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this->encryption->decrypt($ciphertext)</span></tt><ol class="arabic"> <li>Derive an encryption key and a HMAC key from your configured <em>encryption_key</em> via HKDF, using the SHA-512 digest algorithm. Because your configured <em>encryption_key</em> is the same, this will produce the same result as in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encrypt()</span></tt> method above - otherwise you won’t be able to decrypt it.</li> <li>Check if the string is long enough, separate the HMAC out of it and validate if it is correct (this is done in a way that prevents timing attacks against it). Return FALSE if either of the checks fails.</li> <li>Base64-decode the string.</li> <li>Separate the IV out of the cipher-text and decrypt the said cipher-text using that IV and the derived encryption key.</li> </ol> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="using-custom-parameters"> <span id="custom-parameters"></span><h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Using custom parameters</a><a class="headerlink" href="#using-custom-parameters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> <p>Let’s say you have to interact with another system that is out of your control and uses another method to encrypt data. A method that will most certainly not match the above-described sequence and probably not use all of the steps either.</p> <p>The Encryption library allows you to change how its encryption and decryption processes work, so that you can easily tailor a custom solution for such situations.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">It is possible to use the library in this way, without setting an <em>encryption_key</em> in your configuration file.</p> </div> <p>All you have to do is to pass an associative array with a few parameters to either the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encrypt()</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decrypt()</span></tt> method. Here’s an example:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// Assume that we have $ciphertext, $key and $hmac_key</span> <span class="c1">// from on outside source</span> <span class="nv">$message</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">decrypt</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="nv">$ciphertext</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="s1">'cipher'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="s1">'blowfish'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'mode'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="s1">'cbc'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'key'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="nv">$key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'hmac_digest'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="s1">'sha256'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'hmac_key'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="nv">$hmac_key</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>In the above example, we are decrypting a message that was encrypted using the Blowfish cipher in CBC mode and authenticated via a SHA-256 HMAC.</p> <div class="admonition important"> <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p> <p class="last">Note that both ‘key’ and ‘hmac_key’ are used in this example. When using custom parameters, encryption and HMAC keys are not derived like the default behavior of the library is.</p> </div> <p>Below is a list of the available options.</p> <p>However, unless you really need to and you know what you are doing, we advise you to not change the encryption process as this could impact security, so please do so with caution.</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="12%" /> <col width="14%" /> <col width="26%" /> <col width="49%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Option</th> <th class="head">Default value</th> <th class="head">Mandatory / Optional</th> <th class="head">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>cipher</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Encryption algorithm (see <a class="reference internal" href="#ciphers-and-modes"><em>Supported encryption ciphers and modes</em></a>).</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>mode</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Encryption mode (see <a class="reference internal" href="#encryption-modes"><em>Encryption modes</em></a>).</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>key</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Encryption key.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>hmac</td> <td>TRUE</td> <td>No</td> <td>Whether to use a HMAC. Boolean. If set to FALSE, then <em>hmac_digest</em> and <em>hmac_key</em> will be ignored.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>hmac_digest</td> <td>sha512</td> <td>No</td> <td>HMAC message digest algorithm (see <a class="reference internal" href="#digests"><em>Supported HMAC authentication algorithms</em></a>).</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>hmac_key</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>Yes, unless <em>hmac</em> is FALSE</td> <td>HMAC key.</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>raw_data</td> <td>FALSE</td> <td>No</td> <td>Whether the cipher-text should be raw. Boolean. If set to TRUE, then Base64 encoding and decoding will not be performed and HMAC will not be a hexadecimal string.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="admonition important"> <p class="first admonition-title">Important</p> <p class="last"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encrypt()</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decrypt()</span></tt> will return FALSE if a mandatory parameter is not provided or if a provided value is incorrect. This includes <em>hmac_key</em>, unless <em>hmac</em> is set to FALSE.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="supported-hmac-authentication-algorithms"> <span id="digests"></span><h4><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Supported HMAC authentication algorithms</a><a class="headerlink" href="#supported-hmac-authentication-algorithms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> <p>For HMAC message authentication, the Encryption library supports usage of the SHA-2 family of algorithms:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="19%" /> <col width="34%" /> <col width="47%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Algorithm</th> <th class="head">Raw length (bytes)</th> <th class="head">Hex-encoded length (bytes)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td>sha512</td> <td>64</td> <td>128</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>sha384</td> <td>48</td> <td>96</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td>sha256</td> <td>32</td> <td>64</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td>sha224</td> <td>28</td> <td>56</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The reason for not including other popular algorithms, such as MD5 or SHA1 is that they are no longer considered secure enough and as such, we don’t want to encourage their usage. If you absolutely need to use them, it is easy to do so via PHP’s native <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/function.hash-hmac.php">hash_hmac()</a> function.</p> <p>Stronger algorithms of course will be added in the future as they appear and become widely available.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="class-reference"> <h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Class Reference</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-reference" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <dl class="class"> <dt id="CI_Encryption"> <em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">CI_Encryption</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encryption" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><dl class="method"> <dt id="CI_Encryption::initialize"> <tt class="descname">initialize</tt><big>(</big><em>$params</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encryption::initialize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none"> <col class="field-name" /> <col class="field-body" /> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple"> <li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Configuration parameters</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">CI_Encryption instance (method chaining)</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">CI_Encryption</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Initializes (configures) the library to use a different driver, cipher, mode or key.</p> <p>Example:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'mode'</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="s1">'ctr'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="#configuration"><em>Configuring the library</em></a> section for detailed info.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="CI_Encryption::encrypt"> <tt class="descname">encrypt</tt><big>(</big><em>$data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$params = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encryption::encrypt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none"> <col class="field-name" /> <col class="field-body" /> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple"> <li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Data to encrypt</li> <li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Optional parameters</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Encrypted data or FALSE on failure</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Encrypts the input data and returns its ciphertext.</p> <p>Example:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$ciphertext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'My secret message'</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="#custom-parameters"><em>Using custom parameters</em></a> section for information on the optional parameters.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="CI_Encryption::decrypt"> <tt class="descname">decrypt</tt><big>(</big><em>$data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$params = NULL</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encryption::decrypt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none"> <col class="field-name" /> <col class="field-body" /> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple"> <li><strong>$data</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Data to decrypt</li> <li><strong>$params</strong> (<em>array</em>) – Optional parameters</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">Decrypted data or FALSE on failure</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Decrypts the input data and returns it in plain-text.</p> <p>Example:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">decrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$ciphertext</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="#custom-parameters"><em>Using custom parameters</em></a> secrion for information on the optional parameters.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="CI_Encryption::create_key"> <tt class="descname">create_key</tt><big>(</big><em>$length</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encryption::create_key" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none"> <col class="field-name" /> <col class="field-body" /> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple"> <li><strong>$length</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Output length</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A pseudo-random cryptographic key with the specified length, or FALSE on failure</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Creates a cryptographic key by fetching random data from the operating system’s sources (i.e. /dev/urandom).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="CI_Encryption::hkdf"> <tt class="descname">hkdf</tt><big>(</big><em>$key</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$digest = 'sha512'</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$salt = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$length = NULL</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>$info = ''</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#CI_Encryption::hkdf" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none"> <col class="field-name" /> <col class="field-body" /> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple"> <li><strong>$key</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Input key material</li> <li><strong>$digest</strong> (<em>string</em>) – A SHA-2 family digest algorithm</li> <li><strong>$salt</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional salt</li> <li><strong>$length</strong> (<em>int</em>) – Optional output length</li> <li><strong>$info</strong> (<em>string</em>) – Optional context/application-specific info</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">A pseudo-random key or FALSE on failure</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">string</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Derives a key from another, presumably weaker key.</p> <p>This method is used internally to derive an encryption and HMAC key from your configured <em>encryption_key</em>.</p> <p>It is publicly available due to its otherwise general purpose. It is described in <a class="reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5869.txt">RFC 5869</a>.</p> <p>However, as opposed to the description in RFC 5869, this implementation doesn’t support SHA1.</p> <p>Example:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$hmac_key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">encryption</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">hkdf</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="nv">$key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'sha512'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'authentication'</span> <span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// $hmac_key is a pseudo-random key with a length of 64 bytes</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> </dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation"> <a href="file_uploading.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="File Uploading Class">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a> <a href="encrypt.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Encrypt Class"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a> </div> <hr/> <div role="contentinfo"> <p> © Copyright 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology. 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